Information value

Characteristic Name:	Information value
Dimension:	Usability and Interpretability
Description:	Quality information should provide a business value to the organization
Granularity:	Information object
Implementation Type:	Process-based approach
Characteristic Type:	Usage

Verification Metric:

The number of tasks failed or under performed due to the lack of business value delivered by the information

The number of complaints received due to the lack of business value delivered by the information

GuidelinesExamplesDefinitons

The implementation guidelines are guidelines to follow in regard to the characteristic. The scenarios are examples of the implementation

Guidelines:	Scenario:
Continuously asses the relevance and the usefulness of existing data to the organisational goals (Strategic level).	(1)What is the cost of poor quality customer data to the organisation in concern? (2) What revenue can be generated from data?
Continuously asses the usefulness of information based on the tasks at hand (Operational level)	(1) Can we predict our future market share from the existing market information?
Monitor and Measure if the intended goal of the data presentation/Interpretation is achieved	(1) Employee efficiency data is displayed in a dash board to motivate employees. The effectiveness of this display can be measured by examining the efficiency gain of each employee. (2) Has the given sales forecast for the last three years been reasonably accurate compared to actuals.

Validation Metric:

How mature is the process to maintain the business value of information

These are examples of how the characteristic might occur in a database.

Example:	Source:
Consider a database containing orders from customers. A practice for handling complaints and returns is to create an “adjustment” order for backing out the original order and then writing a new order for the corrected information if applicable. This procedure assigns new order numbers to the adjustment and replacement orders. For the accounting department, this is a high-quality database. All of the numbers come out in the wash. For a business analyst trying to determine trends in growth of orders by region, this is a poor-quality database. If the business analyst assumes that each order number represents a distinct order, his analysis will be all wrong. Someone needs to explain the practice and the methods necessary to unravel the data to get to the real numbers (if that is even possible after the fact).	J. E. Olson, “Data Quality: The Accuracy Dimension”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 9 January 2003.

Example:

Source:

Consider a database containing orders from customers. A practice for handling complaints and returns is to create an “adjustment” order for backing out the original order and then writing a new order for the corrected information if applicable. This procedure assigns new order numbers to the adjustment and replacement orders. For the accounting department, this is a high-quality database. All of the numbers come out in the wash. For a business analyst trying to determine trends in growth of orders by region, this is a poor-quality database. If the business analyst assumes that each order number represents a distinct order, his analysis will be all wrong. Someone needs to explain the practice and the methods necessary to unravel the data to get to the real numbers (if that is even possible after the fact).

J. E. Olson, “Data Quality: The Accuracy Dimension”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 9 January 2003.

The Definitions are examples of the characteristic that appear in the sources provided.

Definition:	Source:
1) A measure of the degree to which data will produce the desired business transaction or outcome. 2) A measure of the perception of and confidence in the quality of the data; the importance, value, and relevance of the data to business needs.	D. McGilvray, “Executing Data Quality Projects: Ten Steps to Quality Data and Trusted Information”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2008.
As a data quality-oriented organization matures, the agreement of usage will move from a small set of “early adopters” to gradually encompass more and more of the enterprise, Ubiquity measures the degree to which different departments in an organization use shared reference data.	LOSHIN, D. 2001. Enterprise knowledge management: The data quality approach, Morgan Kaufmann Pub.
Data are beneficial and provide advantages for their use.	WANG, R. Y. & STRONG, D. M. 1996. Beyond accuracy: What data quality means to data consumers. Journal of management information systems, 5-33.

Definition:

Source:

1) A measure of the degree to which data will produce the desired business transaction or outcome.

2) A measure of the perception of and confidence in the quality of the data; the importance, value, and relevance of the data to business needs.

D. McGilvray, “Executing Data Quality Projects: Ten Steps to Quality Data and Trusted Information”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2008.

As a data quality-oriented organization matures, the agreement of usage will move from a small set of “early adopters” to gradually encompass more and more of the enterprise, Ubiquity measures the degree to which different departments in an organization use shared reference data.

LOSHIN, D. 2001. Enterprise knowledge management: The data quality approach, Morgan Kaufmann Pub.

Data are beneficial and provide advantages for their use.

WANG, R. Y. & STRONG, D. M. 1996. Beyond accuracy: What data quality means to data consumers. Journal of management information systems, 5-33.

Completeness of mandatory attributes

Characteristic Name:	Completeness of mandatory attributes
Dimension:	Completeness
Description:	The attributes which are mandatory for a complete representation of a real world entity must contain values and cannot be null .
Granularity:	Element
Implementation Type:	Rule-based approach
Characteristic Type:	Declarative

Verification Metric:

The number of null values reported in a mandatory attribute per thousand records

GuidelinesExamplesDefinitons

The implementation guidelines are guidelines to follow in regard to the characteristic. The scenarios are examples of the implementation

Guidelines:	Scenario:
Specify which attributes are required to maintain a meaningful representation of an entity.	1) A sales order should at least have values for order number, Quantity, Price and Total (Sales order is the record)
Specify the states of an entity where the above identified attributes become mandatory values	(1)Order number quantity and total should be available as mandatory by the time order is created whereas price will become mandatory when the order is approved. (States :"Order created" "Order approved") (2) Product is retired and now has a product-last-available-date
Specify the dependencies of entities in operational context to identify the mandatory values	(1)Invoice number should exist to create a gate pass
Specify default values where possible	(1) Default country is Australia for those who fill the application from Australian IP addresses

Validation Metric:

How mature is the creation and implementation of the DQ rules to handle mandatory values

These are examples of how the characteristic might occur in a database.

Example:	Source:
1) Let us consider a Person relation with the attributes Name, Surname, BirthDate,and Email. The relation is shown in Figure 2.2. For the tuples with Id equalto2,3,and 4, the Email value is NULL. Let us suppose that the person represented by tuple 2 has no e-mail: no incompleteness case occurs. If the person represented by tuple 3 has an e-mail, but its value is not known then tuple 3 presents an incompleteness. Finally, if it is not known whether the person represented by tuple 4 has an e-mail or not, incompleteness may not be the case. ID 1 2 3 4 Name John Edward Anthony Marianne Surname Smith Monroe White Collins BirthDate 03/17/1974 02/03/1967 01/01/1936 11/20/1955 Email smith@abc.it NULL NULL NULL not existing existing but unknown not known if existing Fig. 2.2. The Person relation, with diﬀerent null value meanings for the e-mail attribute 2) if Dept is a relation representing the employees of a given department, and one speciﬁc employee of the department is not represented as a tuple of Dept, then the tuple corresponding to the missing employee is in ref(Dept),and ref(Dept) diﬀers from Dept in exactly that tuple.	C. Batini and M, Scannapieco, “Data Quality: Concepts, Methodologies, and Techniques”, Springer, 2006.
if a column should contain at least one occurrence of all 50 states, but the column contains only 43 states, then the population is incomplete.	Y. Lee, et al., “Journey to Data Quality”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006.
1) A database contains information on repairs done to capital equipment. How- ever, it is a known fact that sometimes the repairs are done and the information about the repair is just not entered into the database. This is the result of lack of concern on the part of the repair people and a lack of enforcement on the part of their supervisors. It is estimated that the amount of missing information is about 5%. This database is probably a good-quality database for assessing the general health of capital equipment. Equipment that required a great deal of expense to maintain can be identiﬁed from the data. Unless the missing data is disproportionately skewed, the records are usable for all ordinary decisions. However, trying to use it as a base for evaluating information makes it a low-quality database. The missing transactions could easily tag an important piece of equipment as satisfying a warranty when in fact it does not. 2) a BIRTH_DATE value left blank would not be accurate because all of us have birth dates.	J. E. Olson, “Data Quality: The Accuracy Dimension”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 9 January 2003.

Example:

Source:

1) Let us consider a Person relation with the attributes Name, Surname, BirthDate,and Email. The relation is shown in Figure 2.2. For the tuples with Id equalto2,3,and 4, the Email value is NULL. Let us suppose that the person represented by tuple 2 has no e-mail: no incompleteness case occurs. If the person represented by tuple 3 has an e-mail, but its value is not known then tuple 3 presents an incompleteness. Finally, if it is not known whether the person represented by tuple 4 has an e-mail or not, incompleteness may not be the case.

ID 1

2 3 4

Name John

Edward Anthony Marianne

Surname Smith

Monroe White Collins

BirthDate 03/17/1974 02/03/1967 01/01/1936 11/20/1955

smith@abc.it NULL NULL NULL

not existing existing but unknown not known if existing

Fig. 2.2. The Person relation, with diﬀerent null value meanings for the e-mail attribute

2) if Dept is a relation representing the employees of a given department, and one speciﬁc employee of the department is not represented as a tuple of Dept, then the tuple corresponding to the missing employee is in ref(Dept),and ref(Dept) diﬀers from Dept in exactly that tuple.

C. Batini and M, Scannapieco, “Data Quality: Concepts, Methodologies, and Techniques”, Springer, 2006.

if a column should contain at least one occurrence of all 50 states, but the column contains only 43 states, then the population is incomplete.

Y. Lee, et al., “Journey to Data Quality”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006.

1) A database contains information on repairs done to capital equipment. How- ever, it is a known fact that sometimes the repairs are done and the information about the repair is just not entered into the database. This is the result of lack of concern on the part of the repair people and a lack of enforcement on the part of their supervisors. It is estimated that the amount of missing information is about 5%. This database is probably a good-quality database for assessing the general health of capital equipment. Equipment that required a great deal of expense to maintain can be identiﬁed from the data. Unless the missing data is disproportionately skewed, the records are usable for all ordinary decisions. However, trying to use it as a base for evaluating information makes it a low-quality database. The missing transactions could easily tag an important piece of equipment as satisfying a warranty when in fact it does not.

2) a BIRTH_DATE value left blank would not be accurate because all of us have birth dates.

J. E. Olson, “Data Quality: The Accuracy Dimension”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 9 January 2003.

The Definitions are examples of the characteristic that appear in the sources provided.

Definition:	Source:
Domain Level: Data element is 1. Always required be populating and not defaulting; or 2. Required based on the condition of another data element. Entity Level: The required domains that comprise an entity exist and are not defaulted in aggregate.	B. BYRNE, J. K., D. MCCARTY, G. SAUTER, H. SMITH, P WORCESTER 2008. The information perspective of SOA design Part 6:The value of applying the data quality analysis pattern in SOA. IBM corporation.
A given data element (fact) has a full value stored for all records that should have a value.	ENGLISH, L. P. 2009. Information quality applied: Best practices for improving business information, processes and systems, Wiley Publishing.
Determined the extent to which data is not missing. For example, an order is not complete without a price and quantity.	G. GATLING, C. B., R. CHAMPLIN, H. STEFANI, G. WEIGEL 2007. Enterprise Information Management with SAP, Boston, Galileo Press Inc.
Completeness refers to the expectation that certain attributes are expected to have assigned values in a data set. Completeness rules can be assigned to a data set in three levels of constraints: 1. Mandatory attributes that require a value 3. Inapplicable attributes (such as maiden name for a single male), which may not have a value.2. Optional attributes, which may have a value.	LOSHIN, D. 2001. Enterprise knowledge management: The data quality approach, Morgan Kaufmann Pub.
An expectation of completeness indicates that certain attributes should be assigned values in a data set. Completeness rules can be assigned to a data set in three levels of constraints:1. Mandatory attributes that require a value, 2. Optional attributes, which may have a value based on some set of conditions, and 3. Inapplicable attributes, (such as maiden name for a single male), which may not have a value.	LOSHIN, D. 2006. Monitoring Data quality Performance using Data Quality Metrics. Informatica Corporation.